A Review on the Long-Term Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: From Degradation Modeling to the Effects of Bipolar Plates, Sealings, and Contaminants

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are regarded as promising alternatives to internal combustion engines (ICEs) reduce pollution. Recent research on PEMFCs focuses achieving higher power densities, reducing the refueling time, mitigating final price, and decreasing degradations, facilitate commercialization of hydrogen mobility. The design bipolar plates compression kits, in addition their coating, can effectively improve performance, increase durability, support water/thermal management. Past reviews usually focused specific aspect, which hardly provide readers with a complete picture key challenges facing advances long-term performance PEMFCs. This paper aims deliver comprehensive source review, from both experimental, analytical numerical viewpoints, challenges, degradation modeling, protective coatings for plates, operational solutions stack prevent contamination. significant gaps identified (1) improved bipolar-plate (2) optimization sealing kits mechanical stresses, (3) regarding contamination dynamic operation.